Another aspect of emotional attraction is reciprocity,...

Another aspect of emotional attraction is reciprocity, which by definition has to do with a mutuality of some sort. In respect to attraction, it is the mutual interest. Human beings tend to like those who like them and dislike those who dislike them. The perfect illustration of this effect is the middle school drama scene. Most of us have probably heard or even said a line something to the effect of, â€Å"I don’t like her/him because they talked badly of me.† Inversely, when another individual expresses an interest in you, you probably feel a sense of accomplishment or flattery that causes you to show an interest in them as well (Sternberg, 2013). As much as we would like to think we left this attitude in middle school, it follows us†¦show more content†¦The types of things that those who are emotionally attracted to one another have in common depends on what those specific people value most. While having things in common with another is beneficial to em otional attraction, there must also be a balance of some sort. Sternberg states, â€Å"Couples are indeed happiest when they complement each other on the dimension of dominance/submission but are about the same on the dimension of warmth† (2013). It is important that two individuals have many values and interests in common, but equally important for their strengths and weaknesses to balance. A common example of this is one partner being spontaneous, while the other is rational and level-headed. Couples are best happy together when a working balance for them has been reached. Arguably the biggest factor in emotional attraction is personality. But even personality ties back into similarity versus complementarity. There could never be a dictionary definition of what makes a â€Å"good personality† because it is subjective to the individual who is evaluating the other’s personality. Couples work best when their personalities are enough alike that they share many of the same perspectives and opinions, but also different enough that they can provide balance for each other. Social constructionism not only plays a role in physical attraction, but is key in emotionalShow MoreRelatedSelf Disclosure And Its Parts3776 Words   |  16 Pagesto Improve Disclosure Every romantic relationship starts when two strangers meet and learn more about each other until they become a couple that is interdependent on one another. For this to occur, all relationships have to go through ongoing process of self-disclosure. Self-disclosure has large influence on liking and attraction by other. Therefore, in this paper I will define self-disclosure, its components and what is self-disclosure between partners. I will discuses when disclosure is beneficialRead MoreUsefulness And Effectiveness Of The Employee Voice2209 Words   |  9 Pagespsychological contract, and its similarities to motivation, and to what impact do line managers have on engagement overall, which relates to the research objectives for this report. As defined by Daniels (2010) a combination of commitment to the organisation and its values and a willingness to help out colleagues (organisational citizenship). It goes beyond job satisfaction and is not simply motivation. Engagement is something the employee has to offer, it cannot be ‘required’ as part of the employment contractRead MoreEthnic Reproduction and the Amniotic Deep: Joy Kogawas Obasan13316 Words   |  54 PagesChapter 28 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Introduction and overview (p. 428) Affiliation: the need for other people (p. 428) Love and intimacy (p. 428) Relationships: definitions and varieties (p. 429) Voluntary/involuntary relationships (p. 429) Arranged marriages (p. 430) Gay and lesbian relationships (p. 430) ‘Electronic’ friendships (p. 431) Different types of love (p. 431) The power of love (p. 431) Is romantic love unique to western culture? (p. 431) An evolutionary theory ofRead MoreMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 Pagescouples counselling Theme ONE – Understanding couples Intimacy involves: love, affection and caring, deep attachment to another person. The TRIPOD of couple relationships An intimate relationship consists of three factors that form a tripod on which the relationship rests. 1. Passionate attraction (PA) 2. Mutual expectations (ME) 3. Personal intentions (PI) Passionate attractions (PA) → Individual experiences intensely pleasurable sensations when thinking about or being with a new partner. →Read MoreExam 3 Study Guide Essay4934 Words   |  20 PagesExam 3 Study Guide Emotion and Motivation 1. What were the key components of Dr. Gewirtz’s definition of emotion? It’s different than â€Å"feelings†, â€Å"A state, elicited by a strongly motivational (i.e. â€Å"reinforcing†) event or by anticipation of such an event, that produces a coordinated set of adaptive responses. 2. Emotional responses have three aspects: â€Å"feelings,† autonomic responses, and somatic responses. What does each of these refer to? Feelings: Introspection, subjective AutonomicRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 PagesSouthern Cross University ePublications@SCU Theses 2010 Conflict management and emotional intelligence Yu Fai Leung Southern Cross University, keith.leung.yu.fai@gmail.com Suggested Citation Leung, YF 2010, Conflict management and emotional intelligence , DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. Copyright YF Leung 2010 ePublications@SCU is an electronic repository administered by Southern Cross University Library. Its goal is to capture and preserve the intellectual Read MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words   |  57 PagesDefinition of Adolescent development: The development of children ages 12 through 19 years old is expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mentalRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words   |  57 PagesDefinition of Adolescent development: The development of children ages 12 through 19 years old is expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physicalRead MoreElements and Dimensions of Culture in Taiwan5062 Words   |  20 Pagesindividuals in the society. This aspect applies the same in individuals who would like to operate their businesses in Taiwan. Most of the activities in the country always rely on the culture especially when considering that it is one of the Asian countries, which are culture oriented. In order to be successful in operating a business in this region, an individual would need to study the cultural trends existing in the country since it is among the countries which culture plays a huge role in determiningRead MoreOn Aristotles Friendship and Social Network10537 Words   |  43 PagesIt is in deed a wonderful technological offshoot. Social networks such as Facebook offer online friendship. Establishing friendship at the social networks is very easy. Just by one click on the mouse button that takes a split second, a person and another person becomes friend with each other. That is how easy friendship can be established through the use of social network. However, there are questions whether the friendship in social network can be as strong as the friendship of those people who ventured

Transaction Cost Economics in Construction Industry

TCE asserts that transactions have distinct characteristics that explain how firm’s boundaries are drawn and when determine whether â€Å"market or hierarchy† will have the lower transaction costs in various circumstances. Asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency are the three variables of TCE that are used to characterise transactions. Williamson (1979) suggested four main forms of asset specificity, namely site specificity, physical asset specificity, dedicated assets and human asset specificity. Asset specificity refers to the degree to which the investments for a transaction are specific to that particular transaction. In other words it refers to the extent to which the resources required are available from a large number of sources†¦show more content†¦Construction industry’s workload is highly diversified. It involves numerous parties, various processes, different phases and stages of work, and many inputs from both the trades and specialists. Such workload and labour can be divided into two phases (Bajari and Tadelis, 2001). First, the design phase for the appearance, layout and function of buildings which involve consultants of various disciplines. Second, the actual construction process that directly produce the end product. Let’s discuss the second phase first. Upon approval of architecture and engineering plans by respective authorities, actual construction works begin. Construction firm would then need to decide whether to carry out the work on its own or engage market construction players. In view of the uniqueness and the need of wide range of technologies characteristic of construction industry, Costantino (1996) assert that economies of scale (i.e. faster construction time, reduce construction cost, reduce liability exposure and greater flexibility) can only be met by using a variety of resources that are generally not entirely available within a firm. In construction material and equipment context, market governance transaction prevail on the basis that the availability of many possible sources for construction firm to compare and choose from an array of suppliers on the basis of the best quality and price combination. The existence of many suppliersShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Gaap And Gaap1700 Words   |  7 Pagesperforming accounting tasks. The U.S. GAAP revenue recognition rules allows for exceptions to certain transactions and requires companies to also follow regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Conversely, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a principle based system that advocates for certain accounting principles that should be applied to all contracts and industries. The IFRS standards are created by the International Accounting Standards Board. In generalRead MoreMacroeconomics: Relationship between Inflation Rates and the Housing Market622 Words   |  3 Pag esthe general assumption that, given all the different elements that are part of the construction process, as well as many of the correlated services such as insurance, there is some positive correlation between inflation and the housing market, notably in that inflation can bring the prices of the houses upwards. As far back as 1975, theoreticians pointed out to the fact that inflation brings swings in construction activity and negatively impacts the turnover for the houses that have already beenRead MoreAir Pollution1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe gross external damage (GED) is estimated by Muller et al. (2011). The 2002 industry level GEDs are identified by a six-digit industry code from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In total, there are about 840 NAICS industries included. To account for transferred values of goods and services through trade, we employ Input-Output Accounts (make and use tables) data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). An input-output (IO) table for the year 2002 is constructed usingRead MoreE Procurement : An Objective Of Traditional Construction Industry Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesand buyer which includes bids, question and answers. In Europe, most of the construction industry are practicing e-tendering. E tendering process finds and selects the supplier. E purchasing is also a part of e procurement. In this process system complete from finding the product, works, services and utilities to invoicing and payment by electronic means. Background Construction industry is the second largest industry in the USA with $3.4 trillion annually. 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Opportunities Purpose Global Development †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Opportunities Purpose Global Development? Answer: Introduction: The globalization term has obtained substantial emotive strength. It has the ability in offering exclusive opportunities for the purpose of truly global development, though it is not succeeding evenly. Markets are in the process of promoting competence through labor division and competition- a specialization that facilitates people and the economies in focusing on the things they perform best. According to Hirst, Thompson and Bromley (2015), globalization is the competition within the global market. The rate of growth of the nations that are of developing nature along with their attainment of companies that have been first-world owned designates that the urbanized world no longer holds the upper-hand economic development. Success that lies within this new global market needs the facility in accommodating the diversified needs of the different consumer goods. Companies can attain this through the innovations in product and procedure along with maximization of the profits. Companies that are emerging from the promising economies are pursuing the lead of the improved complement, concerning stocks and encouraging of the investment factor. This generally encourages the growth factor along with sharing of the appreciation and surpassing the previous expectations. This paper would focus on Amul, a dairy cooperative company that emerged from the developing nation of India, formed in 1950. Amul has been tipped as the biggest milk brand within Asia with it being available in 40 different countries. It has been exporting a wide assortment of products with its major markets being West Indies, US, Singapore, Philippines, China and Japan to name a few. Globalization and Business Conditions: The number of potentials gets much bigger once individuals consider more than the individuals. For instance, in case of Amul, a lot of people of people works in the various factories and offices it ahs overseas, each of them might be having their own perceptions on the subject of international business. As per Cooper and Ezzamel (2013), Amul works with various suppliers and many customers across the world, having their own employees, having certain level of biasness and viewpoints. Amul has to comply with global trade laws and regulations that are being impacted by the opinions of the overseas government executives. The bigger idea is that there are hardly ever views on global business that can be termed universal. His requires to impact on the ways managers take decisions, selecting among the substitutes and crafting plans of actions. It would be unwise in assuming that the practices which are adequate at one place and time would be similarly accepted in certain other situations. It might be the fact what one individual perceives to be good may be illegal and unethical to another. Acknowledging the diversified perceptions on the factor of globalization is useful in amplification of the perceptible confusion on the subject apparent in the press of the business. Articles on the primary page of newspaper might commemorate the financial returns of Amul, attaining through an effective chain of global supply, whereas, a synchronized magazines cover story might lead out an attack on the cost of humans connected with the factory closings, or other interference originated by globalization (Sun, et al. 2 015). The question that arises here is which one of them is right. There is high possibility of both the views being precise, depending on the ways one looks at this particular situation. Globalization is stated to be a phenomenon that is continuously in the move, a multiplicity of viewpoints might used in evaluating the globalizations impact, submission of meaningful insights into the management of activities within global business. The commencing point for such approaches is that global managers working in organizations like Amul need to relax their observations on the ways business is conducted in certain other parts of the world (Hitt, Li and Xu 2016). Each country comprises of its own economic conditions with people having various opinions on the suitability of several global activities of business. Simply being responsive to the conditions within the scenario of global business along with the multiple viewpoints is not supportive for individual managers who are encountering precise opportunities and issues. Awareness does not offer any help in deciding on the things that should be done about such factors. For more detailed analysis, managers need to spin to theo ries and models that are being urbanized by global business scholars over the precedent several decades. Globalization issues are often much complex where reactions based on instinct and gut feel is in all probabilities would be misguided, a dangerous factor to the long-term outlook of the firm (Scherer, Palazzo and Seidl 2013). Opportunities of Globalization on Business of Amul: Globalization has brought about enough benefits in developed economies like India. It takes in number of factors like trade, technology, competition, employment and organizational structure. Global Market: Most of the flourishing emerging markets in the developed countries are result of privatization of state owned industries. For Amul, it is a company based in Gujarat that expanded all over India with its products, attempted in expanding and extending their value chain to a global level (Kurtishi-Kastrati, 2013). Amul has been successful in its endeavor of expanding globally, reflecting through its presence in more than 40 countries. Amul has been exporting its consumer products, including products like ghee and cheese to countries like Australia, Middle East and USA where there is existence of high absorption of Non-residential Indians (NRIs). It believes in the fact that people might shift and live somewhere else, but their eating habits remain same for a lengthy time period. Global market presented Amul with lot of opportunities in marketing of its product, a decision that never required a second thought for Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), owners of the brand Amul (Rottig 2016). Foreign Trade: Globalization has generated and extended global trade in the world. Things that were previously found only in developed economies are now available in other countries across the globe. The BactoScan approach used by Amul has been designed for fully-automatic, reliable willpower of the hygienic excellence of raw milk, used in evaluating incoming raw milk for avoiding contagion. BactoScan is a technology that is being used by developed countries like US and UK, which has been favored by Amul over a period of time. People can get access of any product from wherever they want. Amul has been able to establish itself in India over a period of 50 years, emerging as a brand that is believed by people for manufacturing quality products. It did not require much time in finding market share overseas, especially where the Indian population is more. Amuls venture into the foreign land has led India to enjoy comparative advantage being engaged with foreign trade. Competition: One of the most noticeable positive impacts of globalization is the developed quality of the products due to global competition. Services related to customer along with approaches like customer is the king to production have led to developed quality of products and services of Amul. In India, domestic companies like Amul have to see off foreign competition within local environment and then thrive hard to compete in the best possible manner in foreign market (Zaiceva and Zimmermann 2016). At the time when Amul decided to venture into Russia and USA, it came in riding on the goodwill it generated in India, which it requires to love up to (Bremmer 2014). This generates competition within the market and a situation where the fittest survives. Amul benefitted from the decision of Russia in lifting restrictions on the milk imports and other dairy products from India. However, the pricing of the milk in the global market was a factor at that point of time. The management required in taking a decision whether it would venture into the Russian market or delays its process. Russia imports around 8-10 lakh of milk powder per annum and the exports of Amul stood at 540 crore in 2014 (Wu and Chen 2014). Amul has made rapid progress in the global rankings, presently in the 13th position as per the latest data released by International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). Amul is ranked well above other well known dairy companies like Muller of Germany, Mengniu of China, and Groupe Sodiaal of France. Diversity: Companies like Amul benefits from diversified workplace and customer base. In India too it has been managing a diversified workforce and customer base from a longer period of time, prone to varied tastes and culture that is different. The way it has managed the domestic workplace and different sorts of culture within India, it benefitted Amul immensely when it went overseas to capture the foreign market. Amuls dairy products are result of the diversified customer base that have always fostered innovation, as companies like Amul are pushed to constantly improve their products and services in meeting varied needs. Diversity in workplace offers challenges to the manager for mitigating the disagreements caused by misinterpretation (Cuervo-Cazurra and Ramamurti 2014). Managers of Amul get first-hand experience in the local market only harnessing diversitys productive authority and downplaying its challenges through acknowledgement. The same could be applied by them in global markets. Threats of Globalization for Amul: There are certain threats for Indian organizations even of Amuls stature when it goes global, with definite need for finding answers. These challenges can be internal as well as external as been described below: Internal: These are the challenges inherent to the organizations in making a real impact at the international level, companies like Amul need to strengthen themselves by getting rid of such issues. Cultural Impact: McKinsey in a study found that handling of a global business is one of the key challenges as it takes in different people having different orientation of culture to work mutually for a common goal is certainly difficult (Verbeke and Kano 2015). Wherever Amul went, their global success was based on the localization factor when pushing for the regular goal. Amul needs to develop their Indian managers with global mindset for understanding and managing the differences existing in culture. Strong Vision and Credentials: The introduction to bigger projects in India as compared to the global scale is restricted. Only few of the companies like LT, GMR have been successful in completing their global projects. Companies from emerging economies need to put forward a stronger vision and plan for their global path through the leverage of their experience in India, like Amul aspires to be the global leader in the dairy product market. External: There are certain challenges that are not in the control of the Indian companies or their decision makers. Slow Global Economic Growth: Due to the imperative slowdown in the European and USA markets, organizations are aggressively been pushing for the market distribution, impacting the margins. In the year 2012, the global GDP fell to 3.2 as compared to 4 per cent in 2011. The growth of GDP in the emerging markets and the developing countries were positioned at 5.3 per cent in 2013, augmenting to 5.7 per cent in 2014 (Sun, et al. 2015). Indian companies like Amul need to strategize their plans related to growth along with optimizing their resources for spirited challenges. Home versus Host Country effect on HRM: The idea of global competition has forced businesses in changing the ways they manage themselves at home and in abroad. The increase in the change rate along with technological advancement, high speed communication is all significant factors in contributing to these changes (Zaiceva and Zimmermann 2016). Although the global manager of an organization performs some of the basic functions to that of the local manager, he requires adjusting to more environment and variables. International managers need to address a wider range of activities than their domestic counterparts. These take in the process of global taxation, coordinating the rate of exchange and foreign rates, international rearrangement along with the global orientation program for the employees posted overseas. The Human Resource managers working within a global scenario encounters issues addressing the HR problems of the employees fitting in to more than one nationality (Wu and Chen 2014). Hence, these HR managers need setting up of different systems of HRM for different set of locations. The Human Resource managers within the domestic environment administer the programs of HR to employees from one single nationality. The HR manager of Amul working in Mumbai would cater to one particular set of HR policies to that of one working in Chennai. However, the HR manager working in USA and Australia needs to have various HRM systems as per the nationalities working in the office. For global business managers they need greater involvement in the employees personal lives. The HR manager of Amul in Russia needs to make certain that an executive who is positioned in the foreign country understands all the facets of the package of compensation offered in the foreign project like taxes, living cost. The HR managers need to review the eagerness of the employees family to relocate, supporting the family in amending with the foreign culture through training in cross-culture (Zhou and Guilln 2015). For domestic, managers involvement is only limited to the offering of insurance programs or providing of the transport amenities. There is heightened publicity to the risks in global assignments. These risks take into account health and safety related issues of employees and their families. According to Bremmer (2014), a major facet of such risk is potential terrorism. MNCs need to consider this factor while sending their employees on global assignments. It is for the global HR or business managers to persuade the employee for a shift and seeing to it that he does not return from the assignment pre-maturely. Such a factor would lead to high direct and indirect costs. So, the global managers need to play tactically. The Global business managers need to deal with more external factors than their domestic counterparts. For instance, the practices of staffing overseas, local conduct codes, impact of religious groups. If Amul plans to do business in Turkey and is sanctioned license by the Turkish government for setting up a Turkish subsidiary, the Indian company is legally obliged to offer employment to local people . Conclusion: Globalization has its effects on companies, especially the ones that are coming out of the emerging economies, like Amul. Though it has opportunities of global market and diversity to play with, issues are plenty to deal with for its survival. Managers need to be ably trained for sustaining the global market pressure and work as per the host country norms. Efficient people along with competent technology hold key for MNCs out of the emerging economies to make a mark at the global stage. A differentiation between the global and domestic business managers have also been done that states global managers have more tasks to perform than their local counterpart. References: Bremmer, I., 2014. The new rules of globalization.Harvard Business Review,92(1), pp.103-107. Cooper, D.J. and Ezzamel, M., 2013. Globalization discourses and performance measurement systems in a multinational firm.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(4), pp.288-313. Cuervo-Cazurra, A. and Ramamurti, R. eds., 2014.Understanding multinationals from emerging markets. Cambridge University Press. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Hitt, M.A., Li, D. and Xu, K., 2016. International strategy: From local to global and beyond.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.58-73. Kurtishi-Kastrati, S., 2013. The effects of foreign direct investments for host country's economy.European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,5(1), p.26. Moeller, M., Harvey, M., Griffith, D. and Richey, G., 2013. The impact of country-of-origin on the acceptance of foreign subsidiaries in host countries: An examination of the liability-of-foreignness.International Business Review,22(1), pp.89-99. Rottig, D., 2016. Institutions and emerging markets: effects and implications for multinational corporations.International Journal of Emerging Markets,11(1), pp.2-17. Scherer, A.G., Palazzo, G. and Seidl, D., 2013. Managing legitimacy in complex and heterogeneous environments: Sustainable development in a globalized world.Journal of Management Studies,50(2), pp.259-284. Sun, S.L., Peng, M.W., Lee, R.P. and Tan, W., 2015. Institutional open access at home and outward internationalization.Journal of World Business,50(1), pp.234-246. Verbeke, A. and Kano, L., 2015. The new internalization theory and multinational enterprises from emerging economies: A business history perspective.Business History Review,89(3), pp.415-445. Wu, J. and Chen, X., 2014. Home country institutional environments and foreign expansion of emerging market firms.International Business Review,23(5), pp.862-872. Zaiceva, A. and Zimmermann, K.F., 2016. Returning home at times of trouble? Return migration of EU enlargement migrants during the crisis. InLabor migration, EU enlargement, and the great recession(pp. 397-418). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zhou, N. and Guilln, M.F., 2015. From home country to home base: A dynamic approach to the liability of foreignness.Strategic Management Journal,36(6), pp.907-917.