Aristotles concept of justice Essay Example for Free

Aristotle’s concept of justice Essay In his book The Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the concept of justice in Book V. Justice is used with its many different connotations. However, in order to explain the statement that justice can only be found in the laws established by the state I would like to point out the last two types of justice and the notion of equity Aristotle refers to in his book. The first is natural justice, true for everyone, and next to that there is conventional justice which can differ in different societies and there is the notion of equity that works in unusual cases. With understanding these three concepts we can reach to the conclusion that according to Aristotle justice can not only be found in the laws established by the state and he is right in claiming such an idea. Anyone who is a virtuous person can also be just. But not everyone who is just is also virtuous. Would you consider someone who kills the murderer of his wife a murderer? Would you put him in the same position as Jack the Ripper? Do you think justice is protected by the law? Is it just to stone adulteresses to death even if it complies with the law? Which law is just and which is not? What are the criteria? Are the laws of the state enough to maintain justice?Such questions can be boosted up to thousands if one starts to think about justice, itsconnotations and the relation between justice and law. The debate is a long-lasting one. In his book The Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the concept of justice in Book V. Justice is used with its many different connotations. There is particular justice, distributive justice, reciprocal justice, political and social justice, domestic justice, natural and conventional justice. I would like to point out the last two types of justice in order to understand Aristotle’s idea of law and justice relation in a state. According to Aristotle, there is natural justice, true for everyone, and next to that there is conventional justice which can differ in different societies. Natural justice is the kind of justice that can be applied to every human being regardless of nation, race, religion, etc. It has the same validity everywhere and do not depend on acceptance. Aristotle argues that â€Å"the things which are not just by nature but by human enactment are not everywhere the same, since constitutions are not the same, though there is  by one which is everywhere by nature the best† (124). Accordingly, the conventional justice is set by the society and in some cases by the rulers of the society. However, Aristotle suggests that, for the laws established by the state, a law can be just whether it is for the advantage of the law makers or the rulers or the dominant class. In The Nichomachean Ethics, he says that â€Å"the laws†¦on all subjects aim at the common advantage either of all or of the best or of those who hold power†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (108). He adds that every kind of conventional justice is created in one way from the natural justice and it is normal that they may differ from one society to another. For instance it is by the law to drive on a certain side in Turkey and in Britain people drive on the other side of the road. Both laws are created to maintain justice and order. However there are laws which are created by the state such as the law that women have to wear veils which seems to us not just but what is important to Aristotle is not what we think but how that society with that particular law is affected. As long as the law works for the society, regardless of its rightness, it maintains justice. Let’s give an example, at the times of Roman Empire the gladiators fight with each other or with lions, they know that they are going to die at the arena but they do not show any fear, they fight with their honors and they die with an honorable death. Mentioning that laws are created to be functional, to stabilize and control the society, Aristotle talks about the â€Å"equitable justice† in which he stresses that there are cases in which the universal law or justice does not suit to the case in hand. He suggests that laws guide people in the direction of justice but they do not encompass all the cases about justice or injustice. In such conditions he suggests that the judge interferes and corrects â€Å"the law where it is defective owing to its universality† (133). Equity means the correction of the law when it is too abstract for the situation in hand. Aristotle here suggests that the judge or the legislator should find the balance and give the right decision in such situations. Taking these ideas into consideration, according to Aristotle, the laws of  the state are enough to maintain justice for their people only to a certain extent because in some cases the decision making authority is not the law but the jud ge. I think Aristotle is right in making such a claim because of many reasons. First of all, if the conventional laws are the extensions of natural laws and the natural laws are universal and do not change in any situation but still there are circumstances in which the natural law is tooabstract for the case and the judge and the legislator is the one who is to adapt the law to the case, we can not say that either the natural laws or the conventional laws (the laws established by the state) maintains the justice. Furthermore, if there arecases in which the law does not work, we can not say that the laws established by the state maintain the justice at all times unless we see the starting argument as a generalization. However it is also not possible to know the qualities of the judge whether he is biased toward the case that he balances with the law. Accordingly there may be some cases in which justice may not be maintained because of the origin (in Aristotle’s words â€Å"universality†) of the law does not cover the case or because of the judge’s personal qualities. Consequently if the conventional laws are the extensions of natural laws and the natural laws are universal and do not change in any situation but still there are circumstances in which the natural law is too abstract for the case and the judge and the legislator is the one who is to adapt the law to the case, we can not say that either the natural laws or the conventional laws (the laws established by the state) maintains the justice. Aristotle’s concept of justice. (2016, Jul 25).

Postmodern in planning theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Postmodern in planning theory - Essay Example Examining the philosophies of town planning in regards to postmodernism then provide different insight into the approach which is taken to build and reconstruct a town with ideologies of the modern city. When looking at the concept of postmodernism, it can be seen that the identity of culture and society is the driving force of implementing new developments with cities. The philosophies of postmodernism are then defined by forces in society which are creating the changes and the new systems and pieces of architecture which are being set in urban developments. The concept of the postmodern is one which is identified as the celebration of difference and suspicion of the truth (Allmendinger, 25). Many consider it a paradox, specifically because it identifies art, creativity, culture and other facets of life in multidimensional respects. These dimensions are based on creating a definition of completeness to a given arena. This is combined with the idea of creating completeness from the sense of the modern, which is based on post – industrial methodologies of production as well as information as a driving force in society. The changes which society makes in relation to these dimensions then becomes the celebration of difference and the acceptance of diversity within a given area. These driving forces then create an understanding of the conditions of modern life, which is what becomes attributed to the making of the postmodern city (Allmendinger, 28). The concept of postmodernism and the main philosophies then become directly attributed to the building of a city, art, architecture and other applications within society. The main concept is to promote the same modern principles of what it means to be a contemporary city while creating a collage of social and cultural differences which can be celebrated. These are combined with various types of diversity and practices in the city, all which can be developed and

Water pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water pollution - Research Paper Example Water pollution has turned out to be a global threat that significantly affects the existence of humans,animals and plant.Water pollution is contamination of water ecosystems such as rivers,ground waters,oceans and lakes.It occurs through direct or indirect discharge of pollutants into water bodies without proper treatment. Polluted water is the main causes of human infections and deaths through waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and typhoid fever. This portfolio report seeks to give detailed investigations on leading causes of water pollution and efforts being made to control water pollution. There are various factors that contribute to the problems of water pollution namely, Industrial waste, sewage, acid rain and surface runoff. There are not many techniques of controlling this pollution and currently many researches are being carried out with the aim of finding helpful solution to these problems. The first major causes of water pollution include industrial waste and sewage that are discarded into water bodies. Most of these industrial and sewage waste contains chemicals some of which reacts with water forming toxic substances. These toxic substances are very harmful for both aquatic organisms and human beings when consumed. As the wastes, decay it uses up oxygen and this can affect most of aquatic organisms since they depend on the oxygen in water to survive. Large accumulation of these wastes into the river blocks of waterways other clogs on the vital organs such as fish gills making it impossible for them to breathe thus causing death. Chemicals from these wastes also find their ways in the bodies of a human being when the water is used for irrigation and it contaminate plants and transmit infection to farm employees and consumers (Agarwal, 2005). A solution to this kind of water pollution would be frequent cleaning of affected rivers and carrying out water quality testing to determine the level of oxygen and different chemicals present in water. This c an be done through analyses of water samples in the laboratory for both physical and chemical properties. Industries should also refrain from discharging their waste into rivers. Currently, many industries are using ion exchange technology to remove magnesium and calcium that causes water hardness. Ion exchange can process a wide range of chemicals and provide selective recovery. It consists of columns filled with resin beads that provide a large surface are for anion and cation sites. During the exchange, anionic resins exchange hydroxyl ions for negatively charged chlorides, chromates and sulfates. Cationic resins exchange hydrogen ions (H+) for positively charged ions such as cadmium, nickel, sodium and copper. This technology has helped in removing most toxic chemicals from water thus reducing water pollution (Rao, 2006). Another cause of water pollution is acid rain. It results from burning of fossil fuels having a high level of sulfur. Burning oil and petrol from industries an d heavy commercial vehicles releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. After combining with water droplets in the atmosphere they results to formation of weak solutions of nitric and sulfuric acids. When this solution undergoes precipitation they fall as acid rain. As this acidic rain falls into water bodies, it is weakened but as time goes, it increases and eventually lowers the Ph of water. This increases the acidity levels of water bodies and destroys aquatic life. It also increases the acidity levels of soils, which can kill plants because it interferes with soil nutrients. Introduction of low sulfur diesels has helped in reducing the level of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide released during combustion. Invention of selective catalytic reduction technology which uses ad blue solution has also helped in reducing emissions from heavy vehicles. Ad blue is a solution of urea in water and is mostly used in diesel engines of heavy trucks. The ad blu e solution helps

Free College Admissions Essays: FBI Agent :: College Admissions Essays

FBI Agent In all respect I've always had a fascination with becoming an F.B.I. agent. As my interest grow during my educational progression, I'm learning how my personal attributes with help me in my given field. First of is the size of my physical build, which I believe will help me with any possible altercation I my encounter. My positive attitude toward life will also be helpful. I also have a good decision making skills, with out letting let and kind of prejudice entering my mind. The reason I am so positive about this is I've had such a variety of friends. I've had friends of different races, ethnic background, and religious beliefs. I've also have a vary strong emotional barrier due to all the tragedy I've gone though in my life. I've lost three of my closet friends in the last four years. Through all those years I was the person who was strong to help my entire friends threw our losses. When I get into the field all the knowledge I've acquired in my education will in all intent be usel ess. How do I know this you ask? Several people I know in several justice fields have told me that the real education comes in the field. Their have several movies such as "The Siege", Silence of the Lambs" witch have inspired me to follow in this possible life style. The T.V. show cops is the most instamental to me, due to the way they always explain how to dissolve every encounter, and what would happen to the perpetrator. These movies and T.V. shows give a positive outlook on my possible life in handling these issues. I would not leave out the possibility of becoming a scout leader. The reason I think I could handle this job is because I've always had an attraction to teaching children. I have been babysitting children for seven years, for my next-door neighbors and my aunt. Any other person besides their parents or me could always never control the three boys next door. Then there are my two cousins who were both girls. I always loved watching children; I just get along with the m so well. I believe I could make a difference in their lives. Free College Admissions Essays: FBI Agent :: College Admissions Essays FBI Agent In all respect I've always had a fascination with becoming an F.B.I. agent. As my interest grow during my educational progression, I'm learning how my personal attributes with help me in my given field. First of is the size of my physical build, which I believe will help me with any possible altercation I my encounter. My positive attitude toward life will also be helpful. I also have a good decision making skills, with out letting let and kind of prejudice entering my mind. The reason I am so positive about this is I've had such a variety of friends. I've had friends of different races, ethnic background, and religious beliefs. I've also have a vary strong emotional barrier due to all the tragedy I've gone though in my life. I've lost three of my closet friends in the last four years. Through all those years I was the person who was strong to help my entire friends threw our losses. When I get into the field all the knowledge I've acquired in my education will in all intent be usel ess. How do I know this you ask? Several people I know in several justice fields have told me that the real education comes in the field. Their have several movies such as "The Siege", Silence of the Lambs" witch have inspired me to follow in this possible life style. The T.V. show cops is the most instamental to me, due to the way they always explain how to dissolve every encounter, and what would happen to the perpetrator. These movies and T.V. shows give a positive outlook on my possible life in handling these issues. I would not leave out the possibility of becoming a scout leader. The reason I think I could handle this job is because I've always had an attraction to teaching children. I have been babysitting children for seven years, for my next-door neighbors and my aunt. Any other person besides their parents or me could always never control the three boys next door. Then there are my two cousins who were both girls. I always loved watching children; I just get along with the m so well. I believe I could make a difference in their lives.

Food and Beverage Essay

Hotel Les Fontaines has a strategy that differs very largely from any of its competitors, as it is one of a kind in its region. The company will focus on delivering a service that provides a more personalized and refreshed service style. There would be more attention to detail especially in the restaurant outlet of which has been proposed as this would be a value added for Les Chalets Des Mosses. Also the operation costs would be lower in the restaurant area compared to rooms, as clients who stay at the hotel are budget guest who like to spend less and in return expect quality service and product. The hotel operates for ten months throughout the year. The restaurant opens for service during lunch and dinner. For the lunch period simple, smart, and affordable dishes catering to the customers needs will be served. As most of the consumers will be children from ages four to twelve and parents from early thirties to late forties, a menu healthy and enjoyable menu for the guests will be designed. Even though quick service would be offered for lunchtime the quality of the food and service would not be compromised. This would allow for the restaurant to make a good first impression in order to encourage the guest to return to Pomodoro On the other hand, the dinner will have a drastically different objective. The average dish will be more luxuries and elegant and will be served in an a la carte fashion. The atmosphere at dinner will promote a sensational and comfortable time for our guests. Both the hotels image and the restaurant harmonize in theme. The hotel Les Fontaines provides a great experience for the clienteles, enticing them to return to Les Chalets des Mosses. Vision: Hospitality is all about the individual and at Les Chalets des Mosses we pride ourselves on our unique service culture. We are in business to meet our customer’s needs and promises that each guest will be treated with a positive service attitude at every point of contact. From the hotel manager to the cleaner and everyone else in-between plays a vital role in delivering a memorable guest experience. Mission: The mission of the restaurant is to deliver the most comfortable and soothing experience for the clients. With exceptional service, responsible stewardship, and high quality food an excellent experience can be provided. Therefore, the Pomodoro’s main objective is to focus on the customers’ best interests. Les Chalets des Mosses provides budget travelers and tourists with a choice of excellent hospitality products that offer excellent value for money, while assuring a good return to owners and inspiration to employees. Objective: The main object of Les Chalets de Mosses is to have a return on investment within two years form Pomodoro’s. Building a loyal customer base and a long-term marketing strategy are what Hotel Les Fontaines is seeking to achieve. Pomodoro is an ambitious concept that is currently, planning on growing and expanding by the year 2020. Also the Pomodoro is trying to aim for eighty to eighty-five percent occupancy rate for the lunch, which will operate for two and a half hours daily. As for dinner Pomodoro’s is trying to attract around seventy to seventy-five percent occupancy. By having a total of hundred twenty seats prepared in the restaurant, the Pomodoro will be the main focus of the company’s F&B branch. The restaurant has made a completely different transition from its original concept. Not only did the restaurant change in its size, the type of services and it dishes the market segments has also changed. The most effective sales and marketing tactics have been selected to define the restaurant’s image. The name, Pomodoro, is the first major change to help identify the new Italian restaurant that has opened in Les Chalets des Mosses. The restaurant also has a bar, which would play an important role as while guest are waiting for the table they could spend time at the bar. During the waiting time guest’s may spend money at the bar allowing the restaurant to further maximize its revenue. Also, this new concept of the bar would be perfect after a long day at the ski slopes. The Hotel Les Fontaines will also incorporate three major principles (Schultz & Horvath, 2008). The first principle is the training and development process of staff members. By creating a strong and effective program for the staff members, the employees will be able to satisfy even the specific needs of the customers. The Hazard analysis and critical points (HACCP) will be incorporated in the training program to deliver a food safety and social responsibility. With this our guests would feel at ease to eat at Pomodoro’s and families would be more than happy to be with their children. The training program will have to take place before the restaurant begins to operate in 2013. The second principle is the ability to operate efficiently. The restaurant should be able to deliver highly effective operations to the clients. Lastly, the culture of customer service should be noted. Without the necessary service to deliver the satisfaction and gratification of the consumer, a loyal customer base cannot be built. Les Fontaines will incorporate the referral marketing for the market strategy. The referral marketing is no doubt the best way to maximize the revenue and raise the awareness of the company and standards to the local customers (Schmitt, Skiera & Bulte, 2011). F&B Strategy: Diversification is one of the strategies that best fit the new operations situation, as Les Fontaines is in search of a new product and market (Gine, Pisano, Sorell, Szigety, 2006). The restaurant has taken extreme measures to differentiate itself from the competition in the Les Mosses region. As the restaurant caters to a niche market, it will have minimum competition with the surrounding business in the region. This is due to the fact that Pomodoro’s offers various activities for children of which the surrounding hotels do not offer. The psychographic, demographic, geographic, and purchase behavior of clients were analyzed in order to help Les Chalets des Mosses strengthen it own image (Yankelovich, Meer, 2006). In order to create such strategy, the restaurants must create an engaging and rigorous loyalty program. The goal of the hotel is to have local customers who will visit the hotel on a regular bases during the various events that take place in the region of les mosses. Since, the hotel will promote its special offers via newsletter through the zip code, not only does the newsletter grab the customers attention, but also the local customers will become frequent clienteles. This marketing strategy would benefit the whole hotel, not just the restaurant. By sending out newsletters promoting events or special offers in both the hotel and restaurant it may encourage guest to not only use the food and beverage outlets but also to stay and enjoy the experience. The company will take a step forward by taking surveys of the clienteles regarding the activities and subjects that interest them. This way Les Fontaines will be able to predict what the clientele’s hobbies or taste are and provide a service that incorporates partnerships with other companies. For example Pomodoro’s can promote a snow-tubing event to the customers by providing ticket deals. According to Michael Porter, a Harvard Business School professor and the reigning guru of competitive strategy, competition within an industry is driven by five basic factors (Porter, 1979): 1. Threat of new entries. 2. Threat of substitute products or services. 3. Bargaining power of suppliers. 4. Bargaining power of buyers. 5. Rivalry among existing firms. We understand that using one strategy is impossible in todays society, as the range of customers are more diverse as globalization has a larger impact in today’s society. The Les Fontaines will be promoted in various ways. The newsletter will act as a tool to commercialize the company’s anniversaries and offers. Unlike, the other rivals the company will begin to engage the customers with a more personal touch. The snow tubing company in Les Mosses will further advertise the hotel and vice verse due to their partnership. Furthermore, the referrals will function as the company’s key promotional tool. Both Pomodoro and hotel Les Fontaines will attract customers through the various services, products, offers, and business proposals. None of the competing hotels and F&B outlets substantially reshaped their business strategies and market segments like Pomodoro’s. The awareness of the hotel will most definitely rise as the customers and other partnering companies spread the word. The company will have a dominating number of advertisements in comparison to the other competing ventures due to their various partnerships. The hotel provides a pleasant and sophisticated service that was specifically designed to differ from other surrounding hotels within the region. Both the restaurant and the hotel will offer a personalized touch to the service that will be provided. This will attract new customers and build strong customer relationships, as the customers will return to the venture on a frequent basis. Despite the cluttered market, the unique products that were designed to meet the specific needs of the customers makes the Les Fontaines stand out from its competitors. List of References: Gine. F, Pisano. G, Sorell. M , Szigety. M. (2006). R&D Portfolio Strategy, Diversification And Performance: An Information Perspective. (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University) Retrieved from http://hbr.org/1979/03/how-competitive-forces-shape-strategy/ar/1 Porter, M. E. (1979). How competitive forces chape strategy. (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University)Retrieved from http://hbr.org/1979/03/how-competitive-forces-shape-strategy/ar/1 Schmitt, P., Skiera, B., & Bulte, C. V. D. (2011). Why customer referrals can drive stunning profits. (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University)Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2011/06/why-customer-referrals-can-drive-stunning-profits/ar/1 Schultz, G. C., & Horvath, A. G. (2008). Strategic plan: 2008-2013. Informally published manuscript, Finance & Business, Pennsylvania State Yankelovich D, Meer D. (2006). Rediscovering Market Segmentation. Retrieved from: http://hbr.org/product/rediscovering-market-segmentation/an/R0602G-PDF-ENG

The Debate Concerning Medical Marijuana Essay - 1885 Words

In Nov. 1996 the people of the State of California approved proposition 215, the initiative that could make marijuana legally available as a medicine in the U.S. for the first time in 60 years. Under this initiative the government will not prosecute patients or their caregivers who possess or cultivate marijuana for medical treatment. The medical recommendation may be either written or oral and doctors cannot be penalized by the state of Arizona at the same time. However at this time it is still illegal to posses, administer, sell or use marijuana in any of the other 48 states across the U.S. Why haven’t the rest of the country followed the lead of these two states? What this paper attempts to do is provide an argument that it†¦show more content†¦In 1996, voters in California and Arizona went to the polls and in sweeping victories, told Washington that federal drug policies - at least as they applied to sick people – were wrong. Voting on proposition 215, Californian’s â€Å"approved the medical use of Marijuana by a 65 to 35 margin. † In Arizona a solid majority (65%) voted to give the doctors the right to prescribe a range of drugs, including marijuana, heroin, and LSD. However, federal law prevents states from making marijuana supplies legally available. In effect thousands of â€Å"Americans use marijuana as a medicine illegally, putting themselves at risk of arrest and prosecution. † Unfortunately other who might benefit from marijuana are deterred by its illegality. Since 1986, synthetic THC (Marinol) has been available as a Schedule II drug, which allows physicians to prescribe it under highly regulated conditions. â€Å"It is only recently in July of 1999 that Marinol was moved from Schedule II to a Schedule III drug. † The change makes it much easier for doctors to distribute the drug and keeps the DEA from looking over their shoulder each time they write a prescription. Marinol is labeled as officially as an anti-nauseate and an appetite stimulant, but doctors can and do prescribe it for other conditions such as depression and muscle spasticity. Even though THC delivered orally by Marinol isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Legalization of Marijuana1545 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment prohibition of marijuana is the subject of ongoing debate. Many have pursued the legalization of marijuana for a variety of reasons – some seek legal marijuana for personal use, while others hope to legalize in order to reduce our Nation’s debt. P eople argue over the moral implications of permitting the widespread recreational and medicinal use of a ‘schedule 1’ drug. Lately, there has been a great deal of focus on the monetary value in the form of taxation revenue with respect to theRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Marijuana861 Words   |  4 Pages Marijuana is sweeping the nation. How might this affect people’s everyday lives? Is the progression on legalization a good thing or a bad thing? In order to answer that, the people must first consider the health effects of the consumer and the economic effects of the nation. Marijuana could have both positive and negative effects on the health of the user and the economy. While marijuana does indeed have some health benefits, it also has many adverse health effects and can lead to severalRead More Against Legalization Of Marijuana Essay553 Words   |  3 Pages There currently exists a great debate concerning Legalization of marijuana. Many people are against the idea, but there are a number of people who fight for the idea to legalize Marijuana. The people that try to Legalize Marijuana use two major arguments in their effort to have marijuana legalized. First, which is by far the biggest argument is that marijuana has a significant medical use. The second is that marijuana does not cause harm to those that smoke it. 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The Impact Of Ownership Structure On Companies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1861 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This paper shows calculation of a sample about 500 observations using a software SPSS which analyzes and explains the effects of the share holding structure on corporate performance. The recent studies of Jensen and Meckling 1976, Fama and Jensen 1983, and Hart 1983 indicate that the managerial ownership of shares in a firm create conflicting forces on the behavior of management in the form of convergence of interest effect and the effects of reinforcement. Other former studies suggested that there is link between the managerial stake and the market value of the firm is positive as a result of the convergence of management and shareholder interests. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Ownership Structure On Companies Finance Essay" essay for you Create order However, this link is observed as negative owing to the managerial stake strengthens at a large scale and involves management from the corporate control. The paper is designed and structured to present to JP Drew. The paper is structured into first section which provides the scatter plot and descriptive statistics table showing the variables features. In order to explain the correlation between the Market to Book and Value (MBV) and other controlling variables, the next section demonstrates the findings of this. Third section of paper shows the evaluation of dependent variable using explanatory variables. The conclusion of the paper presents the interpretation and other findings of the report. Methodology The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis are the approaches used in the report. In order to understand the methodology used in the report it is vital to comprehend these approaches by analyzing and giving a brief overview. The below is the analysis of the approach: At first, the descriptive analysis is the preliminary feature of the quantitative collection of data. The reason to use descriptive statistics is to provide summary of a quantitative set of data utilizing the data to make inference relevant to population to which data are analyzed. Moreover, the correlation is a statistical technique which is used to represent the strength of relationship between the variables. However, it is a single number which shows the relationship and connection between the two variables. In addition, the third approach which is used in this paper is regression analysis. The regression analysis model includes the analysis and model of several variables when the focus is on the relationship between dependent variable and one or more than one independent variables. Descriptive Statistics The Market to Book Value has been used in this report as a dependent variable. The aim to use descriptive statistic in this report is to determine the performance of company and other variables are considered as independent variables which affect the Market to Book Value. The following two scatter plots show the evident relationship between the MBV and the independent variables which are ownership concentration and size or total assets of company. Above figure shows the relationship between MBV and size of the company. Considering the figure, it is clear that there is no relationship between the total assets of the company and the Market to Bok Value. Thus, it cannot be declared if there is any relationship between the two variables from the scatter plot. The above figure of scatter plot is also showing the relationship between the Market to Book Value and the ownership concentration. Through the figure it can be observed that there is relationship between MBV and Concentrati on as it shows perfect correlation with each other. Therefore, it can be stated that two variables can rise and fall together. The scatter plot in above figure shows the trends of distribution between the two variables rather than just describing the information about the relationship between ownership structure and performance of company. Therefore, it is important to analyze the relationship between the Market to Book Value and Ownership Concentration. Hence, the descriptive statistics is demonstrated by the means of the analysis of concrete variables which includes the range of value, maximum and minimum, mean and standard deviation. Descriptive Statistics N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Con 500 36.1 21.3 57.4 37.456 Identity 500 3 3 6 4.38 Industry 500 2 1 3 1.75 MBV 500 1.94 1.04 2.98 1.8729 ROCE 500 31.3 23.2 54.5 39.718 Size 500 348761 66751 415512 2.11E5 Valid N (listwise) 500 As it is observed in the above table that the mean value of return on capital used and which is also termed as ROCE, MBV and Con, they are approximately around 39.7, 1.8 and 37.5 respectively. The sets of data shows that the average of the proportion of ROCE has occupied about 39.7%, the mean percentage of Ownership Concentration is occupied about 37.5% and the average market to book value is approximately about 1.9% in the entire data set. In addition, the standard deviation for ROCE, Con, and MBV are approximately about 6.9, 6.7 and 0.35 respectively. These values show that ROCE, Con and MBV are 6.9 percent, 6.7 percent and 0.35 d ispersed from the mean. It also shows that according to the representation of table, the value of size is outstanding and remarkable. The value of the size shows the price of the total assets in the company. Moreover, the above also shows the minimum and maximum value of size which is 66751million and 415512 million respectively while the range of the size is 348761 million. Thus, it can be considered that the range value of the size is balanced between the minimum and maximum. Hence, the conclusion can be formulated from the data results which are evidence that most of the variables are large numerical values as a result of the size of company. Commonly, it is possible that most of the data sets gathered from the large company. Considering the above points, the next section will be indicating the facts that the correlation between the Market to Book Value and other control variables which can include the relationship between MBV and Size using the correlation matrix. Correlation Analysis According to the illustration given in the table below, explanatory variable concerning Con and ROCE, Industry and Con, Industry and ROCE have positive correlation using the substantial levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.005 respectively. In addition, the table given below is also showing a positive correlation between ROCE and MBV at substantial level of 0.01, whereas industry and identity are negatively correlated to MBV at the significant level of 0.01. The industry means the sector in which the company operates and the identity means the identity of the largest owner. Thus, it can be taken into account that different significant levels have different degrees of correlation between the dependent and the independent variables. Moreover, the table below is showing the positive negative correlation between one control and one dependent variable rather than showing cleat effects using bivariate analysis. The bivariate analysis shows the analysis of two variables determining the empirical re lationship between those two variables. Correlations MBV Identity Con Size ROCE MBV Pearson Correlation 1 -.252** .709** -.009 .405** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .846 .000 N 500 500 500 500 500 Identity Pearson Correlation -.252** 1 -.047 .003 -.049 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .294 .951 .277 N 500 500 500 500 500 Con Pearson Correlation .709** -.047 1 .052 .584** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .294 .243 .000 N 500 500 500 500 500 Size Pearson Correlation -.009 .003 .052 1 .070 Sig. (2-tailed) .846 .951 .243 .119 N 500 500 500 500 500 ROCE Pearson Correlation .405** -.049 .584** .070 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .277 .000 .119 N 500 500 500 500 500 Industry Pearson Correlation -.522** .048 .088* .036 .102* Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .288 .048 .426 .0 22 N 500 500 500 500 500 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Regression Analysis In statistics, the regression analysis consists of such techniques used for analyzing various different variables. More particularly, regression analysis is helpful to comprehend the typical value of the dependent variable changes when one of the independent variable is altered. The Regression Analysis is the most commonly used analysis which aims to illustrate the prediction and it is also useful to understand the relationship of independent variables with the dependent variables. In this report, the reason to use the regression analysis is to define the effects on the MBV from the control variables. In order to use regression analysis model, there are four hypotheses developed and described below: Hypothesis 1: There is positive correlation between the ownership concentration and Market to Book Value. Hypothesis 2: There is also correlation between the Identity of the largest Owner and Market to Book Value. The variables are taken into account as quantitative variables and they form a quantitative distinction is the Identity and Industry Terms. Hypothesis 3: There is a negative correlation between the industries and Market to Book Value. Hypothesis 4: There is positive correlation between the industries which is the sector in which the Company operates its business and Market to Book Value. Model Summary Equation 1 Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate In the table given above, R square is the reflection of the squared- performance benchmark alters have impact on the performance of the fund. It is shown from the table above that analyzing R square can define that MBV has variation of approximately88.3%. Thus, the result of table shows that Market to Book Value can be considered as explanatory variables. Similarly, it can be stated that the primary, institutional investor, concentration, non-financial company and manufacturing are settled after the analysis of the Market to Book Value (MBV). Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .128 .028 Con .039 .001 .738 dummybank .184 .013 .231 13.704 dummyi .143 .014 .176 10.539 dummyn .074 .014 .090 5.385 dummym .393 .011 .549 37.182 dummyp -.096 .013 -.110 -7.415 Dependent Variable: MBV From the above table given, it is observed that there is a positive correlation between the majorities of explanatory variables and the Market to Book Value at the higher level of correlation. Basically, primary is correlated with the Market to Book Value. Moreover, hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2 must be accepted because they have positive correlation whereas hypothesis 3 and 4 cannot be accepted as primary has no relation with Market to Book Value. Thus, the result of the table 4 shows that it is evident that there is a mathematical equation to define the correlation between dependent variable and other control variables. Therefore, the equation can be explained as: From the above equation, it can be observed that Market to Book Value is impacted by these factors. If there is no relationship between the control variables and dependent variables, the Market to Book Value is equal to 0.128. Thus, the Market to Book Value can be the constant value. In addition, if other factors are constant, it is possible that every rising unit of ownership concentration is equal to 0.39 rise of Market to Book Value. In regard to industry, every rising unit of bank, institutional investors, and non-financial company can lead the growth of Market to Book Value to approximately 0.184, 0.143 and 0.074 respectively on the condition that other factors remain constant. With the increasing primary at the time of manufacturing, the Market to Book Value will improve at the same time to 0.393 and falls 0.096 respectively. Conclusion In the light of the data collected of 500 companies, the correlation between the independent variables MBV and other specific control variables have been observed and it was found that control variables affect the Market to Book Value. As the result shows that there is no correlation between the dependent variable MBV and size. As a result, it was observed that when more assets are bought to find the adjustment of the structure of ownership, whereas gaining a good performance of company is not possible. In addition, it was also observed that dependent variables MBV are influenced by the ownership concentration, Identity of the largest Owner and Industry and thus, all these factors have impact on the performance of the company. In the light of analyzed results offered above, these determinants of the Market to Book Value must help JP Drew to make a decision between the ownership structure and the performance of Company.